History Majapahit

Majapahit was the last kingdom and also the Hindu-Buddhist kingdom on the archipelago great. Preceded by Srivijaya empire, with its capital of Palembang in Sumatra. The kingdom was founded by Raden Wijaya which is the fourth descendant of Ken Arok and Ken Dedes.

Before the birth of the kingdom Majapahit, has been highlighted for the first time in 1222 AD Singosari kingdom whose founder focuses on Ken Arok. Malang (Tumapel).Coat of Majapahit RealSearch for the birth of Majapahit kingdom is inseparable from the existence of the kingdom of Singosari Tumapel. Similarly, if we trace the beginning of the unification of the country, can not be separated from the march of Majapahit. That's where Singosari, Majapahit, and the archipelago is something that is an integral and inseparable from the other.In the history of Indonesia Majapahit made "only" one of many kingdoms that once flourished in the body of the unity of the nation now called "Indonesia". Despite this history should be listened carefully because of its advantages: the broader territorial scope, duration long enough, and pancapaian in considerable achievements of culture.Starting with a pilot in the Singhasari, ie Pre Majapahit period have dynastic continuity with the Majapahit period, followed by the expansion area covering wider areas. During Singhasari countries united under the coordinating authority Singhasari is: Madhura, Lamajang, Kadiri, Wurawan, Morono, Hring and lúa, everything related to areas of the island of Java (east) and Madura.For more details before understanding the history of Majapahit was first described the history of the kingdom Singhasari which is the precursor to the establishment of the kingdom of Majapahit.History of Majapahit started from command of King Raden Wijaya know Singhasari Kertanagara ordered troops to repel the attack on the village Memeling Kadiri. Raden Wijaya Mameling people managed to crush the enemy.
Candi K. Lawangestimated as door MajapahitSingosari satisfied with soldiers returned to the capital, his astonishment when the soldiers came cheers border enemies who have managed to destroy the palace Singhasari. King Sri Kertanegara fall, Singhasari Jayakatwang kingdom was under the sovereignty of Kadiri. Raden Wijaya trying to save what could possibly be saved, who bravely stormed the palace, but due to the number of soldiers kediri Therefore, the effort was unsuccessful.Raden Wijaya then besieged by the governor Daha Kebo Mundarang so finally decided to resign. Raden Wijaya with his ox Sora, Elephant Pagon, Medang Dangli, Malusa Wagal, Nambi, many Kapok, Kebo Kepetengan, Wirota Wiragati and Pamandana new run through exhausted plow rice fields. When nearly captured by Patih Mundarang, Raden Wijaya pirated memancal land to fall on his chest and forehead ki Patih, Raden Wijaya also escaped musuh.Wilayah Power Majapahit. 
After a short break Raden Wijaya then dispensed Gringsing pants to his followers and ordered all furious at dusk, when the Kediri army were partying Raden Wijaya and his followers back into the palace Singhasari.Kertanegara youngest daughter is Gayatri muduh and taken captive by the Kediri while the eldest daughter rescued by Raden Wijaya Tribuaneswari. On the advice of ox Sora, Raden Wijaya with his daughter and his followers then withdrew from the city to the north, because there is no reason to continue the war that will surely bring a defeat because the number of Kediri much larger army.Candi KedatonMajapahit Palace RuinsThere are still about 600 followers Raden Wijaya. In the morning he met again with the enemy, many soldiers were in despair and go, to stay a little. So Wijaya intend to continue journey to help Akuwu eggplant Eggplant, Wuru Agraja named akuwu late Sri Kertanegara., With the hope of getting help to bring people in the east and northeast of the eggplant.So Wijaya fans be excited and at night went westward through fought that has been used by the enemy fortress, where he met many enemies.
Ark was ascetic Hindu Majapahit Empire.Raden Wijaya pursued by the enemy and run north Kembangsri (Bangsri), where he met again with the enemy, until he was forced to run splash Bengawan and cross it. In this river many soldiers were killed by enemy tumbak. Many who fled their own lives.Upon reaching the other side of the river Wijaya lived for twelve followers. In the morning the group Wijaya Kudadu discovered by the people. There Raden Wijaya received and entertained the village chief called Oreja Tiger with young coconut and white rice. Raden Wijaya very moved by the speech. Pagon elephant who suffered serious injuries in the thigh in Hamlet Pandak finally left, hidden in the middle of the field.Raden Wijaya proceeded to transfer to the island of Madura Apex area. In Pararaton village called Pandak no call is flat. Copper plates located in Mount Butak in Mojokerto Raden Wijaya area issued after becoming king of Majapahit famous Letter Kudadu as an expression of gratitude to the president of the village Raden Wijaya kudadu never accept the friendly before traveling to action in Madura.
With the help of the group of the village chief Kudadu, Raden Wijaya can cross the sea to the Madurese to ask for protection from the Aryan Wiraraja a Singhasari Regent stationed in the area .. Raden Wijaya Arrival Arriving at Madura Madura Island Raden Wijaya and his followers soon see Arya Wiraraja. Attitude Arya Wiraraja as regent Singhasari unchanged despite knowing the United Singhasari has collapsed. Such observations Raden Wijaya played so promising when properly restore power that has taken the country by Jayakatwang then given to the Arya Wiraraja. Arya Wiraraja very pleased to hear the promise of Raden Wijaya and try to exert all his strength to fulfill the desire Raden Wijaya.Soldiers MajapahitArya Wiraraja also advise that Raden Wijaya surrender and serve the King Jayakatwang in Kediri and during the stay in the palace, Raden Wijaya asked to investigate the extent to which military force Kadiri. After that Raden Wijaya asked to petition the King Jayakatwang to open forests and barren land in the area Wiraraja Drag and Arya Madurese send help.Fruit Maja
That said, maja fruit found while Raden Wijaya allowed to open forest Arya Tire Wiraraja So then sent emissaries to convey that Raden Wijaya Kadiri surrenders and intends to serve the King Jayakatwang. The request was approved by King Jayakatwang.
Raden Wijaya then went to Kadiri with escorted by Arya Wiraraja in eggplant and Raden Wijaya then picked up by the governor kadiri say Sagara Winotan Area Yangkung Angilo Blue Jung. The Tribhuwaneswari who participated in the trip to Madura Raden Wijaya entrusted to aria Wiraraja.Check Raden Wijaya and his followers in Kadiri to coincide with the celebration of Galungan. After a long time to serve in Kadiri Raden Wijaya then proposes to open a drag area (Sidoarjo) in forest hunting for King Jayakatwang who like to hunt. The proposal was approved immediately without suspicion. Drag area is located on the shores of Port Brantas River near Canggu which is now in eastern Mojokerto.Raden Wijaya immediately send Sumenep Madura Wirondaya to report such approval to the Regent Madura Arya Wiraraja. Arya Wiraraja then mobilize Madurese to open a pull Forest Forest Soon managed to get open and Madurese are helping logging and then settled in the area. The area was then called the Majapahit or Wilwatikta.
It said at the time, a soldier who tried to eat fruit maja thirst there is plenty of that place and found it was bitter that the area was named. Wilwa means Maja fruit, Tikta means bitter. After Bosque Pull open properly, Raden Wijaya King then asked permission to visit the area Jayakatwang.Source Rey Jayakatwang not allow long stay in the area. So finally Raden Wijaya left with his entourage in mertamasa day. On the seventh day Raden Wijaya finally arrived in the area and have a Drag board made of bamboo, which is surrounded by a pond. Panji Wijayakrama give a very clear description of the existence of Majapahit area as follows:

   

The city is built overlooking the river, a large river flowing from Brantas Kediri the sea.

Small river flowing from the south are times that at the time called Kancana times.

Trade-way boat driven by alternating back Madurese. · Break incessant flow Madurese to Majapahit, which was installed in the northern part of the Majapahit called Wirasabha. ·

In the southeast of the city is the bridge.

Area fields and plantations planted flowers, Pucang, areca, coconut and banana opened mostly ·

It has been available to the throne of white stone seat Raden Wijaya dinakaman Wijil Pindo which means the second door.

Raden Wijaya Majapahit good at taking care of people who only had settled in drag, the village of Daha and Tumapel so many who settled in the area Majaphit. In this village Raden Wijaya leads and gather strength, especially people who are loyal to the late King of Daha and Tumapel Kertanegara area.Arya same Wiraraja prepare their troops in Madura to help Raden Wijaya if the required time. Apparently he does not like the King Jayakatwang. Many Kapok and Mahisa Pawagal sent by Raden Wijaya to Sumenep Madura has been doing. All posts Raden Wijaya has been submitted to the Arya Wiraraja.When going back Wiraraja son Aryan village in the Cape in West Madura Majapahit sent out the message that Wiraraja aria father could not reach the Majapahit and Arya Wiraraja immediately send an envoy to China for help Tartar army. Many Mahisa Pawagal Kapok and finally back to Majapahit accompany Tribhuwaneswari daughter and son Aryan Wiraraja say Ranggalawe.
Name Ranggalawe Raden Wijaya is giving the son Aryan Wiraraja because the firmness of his behavior at the first meeting of Raden Wijaya. Lawe means thread / treatment because he was given authority to rule all people of Madura and gave him the rank of Rangga.The next day Raden Wijaya together Ranggalawe, Lady and the other ministers Wreddha prepare a strategy to attack the kingdom of Kediri. But before the attack carried out Ranggalawe asked permission to return to Madura take his father's horse from Bima and another horse to ride commanders. The proposal was finally approved Ranggalawe return to Madura.
Raden Wijaya has left much kediri finally arrived in Waisaka envoy of King Sagara called Raden Wijaya Winotan Jayakatwang were asked to return to Kediri because King Jayakatwang carry out hunting in the new area. We do not Winotan Sagara in Majapahit came Ranggalawe with horse war horse Madura. It riding is then derived from the container above.Raden Wijaya Arca
Segara Wionotan dismayed to see it. To avoid suspicion of kediri messenger, Raden Wijaya then explained that the horse will be used for the preparation of hunting King Jayakatwang. Segara Winotan believe in the good will Raden Wijaya and wanted to see lunge Madurese people in carrying out hunting. But the words of Segara Winotan no offense Ranggalawe and said, "What is the difference continues landuk Madura farmers in Daha, soon you will know the Madurese capacity." Raden Wijaya surprised to hear the cry aloud Ranggalawe.
If allowed, there will be a dispute between the two men and what has been kept secret for this finding. To calm atmosphere then invite Lady Ranggalawe horse decline to monitor the ship. Segara Winotan surprised with shouts Ranggalawe immediately prompted the person spends on earth.Raden Wijaya explained that the person is a nephew Lady West Madura Cabo. Rude words because he was a farmer nipple, so do not take it personally too. Soon Winota then back to Daha. The horses were brought by Ranggalawe Madura berjumah 27 animals were distributed squad leader. Segara Winotan has become the kingdom of Kediri then informed the presence of King Jayakatwang hunting preparation has been done by Raden Wijaya, without knowing the real situation. It is known in the Segara Tire Winotan Warasaba just received in the area and were not given the opportunity to see the status of the city.Raden Wijaya very ready to receive guests in a way that does not know Segara Winotan war preparations are being planned by Raden Wijaya. Arya Wiraraja was preparing to go to the Majapahit accompanied by troops of the Army of Madura. Arriving by boat at Canggu greeted by Raden Wijaya and placed in Pesanggarahan he had prepared for him.
Arya Wiraraja apologize to Raden Wijaya for making decisions without the approval of Raden Wijaya promising two daughters Tumapel will be presented to Tartar emperor when able to submit the Kediri kingdom under the leadership of King Jayakatwang. Tartar emperor promised the Tartar troops come in Waisaka. 
In developing a strategy to attack the kingdom of Kediri, Ranggalawe proposed that the Majapahit troops divided into 2 ·Arya Wiraraja addressed the troops moving through the king, through Linggasana.Raden Wijaya led troops across Singhasari. Ranggalawe participate in the US-led forces Raden Wijaya,  the two armies would meet in the Barebeg area.In the Song of Harsha Wijaya Canto IV described in war Majapahit kingdom of Kediri. Ranggalawe believes the war is not possible without a cause, because it will lead to accusations that Raden Wijaya goodness Jayakatwang ungrateful king who received Raden Wijaya and his followers also to serve in the kingdom of Kediri. 
It is therefore proposed that Raden Wijaya Ranggalawe send messengers to the king asking Jayakatwang Puspawati and daughter Gayatri is the daughter of King Kertanagara captives Kadiri Kingdom. If the request is denied, the reason is exactly what will be used to attack the kingdom of Kediri basis. Lady, Elephant Calf Peteng Pagon and tend to rebel like that, because you can not pass the request prabu Jayakatwang Raden Wijaya. 
Nambi proposed that the army was trying to attract Minister Minister Daha Majapahit kingdom and help the rebellion against the government prabu Jayakatwang. The proposal was rejected by Podang received support from the Panji Amarajaya, Jaran Waha, Kebo Bungalan and Ranggalawe. Because different pandapat the end all ask the opinion of Arya Wiraraja, because it has been shown aria Raden Wijaya Wiraraja intelligent advice. Arya Wiraraja reports that Raden Wijaya patient to wait for the arrival of the troops of Tatars a month away.Mongol troops EquestrianFinally, on March 1, 1293, 20,000 Mongol troops landed on Java. immediately west of Canggu and make fortifications Janggala valley. He said the messenger sent to Java consists of three senior officials of the kingdom, ie Pi Shih, Ike Mese, and Hsing. Only You Hsing-blood Chinese, while the other two are the Mongols. They left Fukien bring 20,000 troops and a thousand ships.Kublai Khan equip these forces to cross for a year and a cost of 40,000 silver bullion. Shih Pi and Ike Mese troops collected three provinces: Fujian, Kiangsi, and Hukuang. While Hsing responsible for preparing the supplies and ships. This huge army leaves from the port of Chuan-chou and reached the island of Belitung around January 1293.
Here are preparing for the invasion of Java for about a month. Tatar fortress Expeditionary Task Force. To get an idea of ​​the amount of energy Expeditionary Task Force Java Tartar tried to make the analysis of the data mentioned in the book WPGroeneveldt. This analysis also to get an idea of ​​the composition of the Working Group.
Fleet of 1000 ships with the task of a magnitude sufficient supplies for a year. Governor of Fukien ordered by Kublai Khan to raise army of 20,000 from the provinces of Fujian, Kiang-si and Hukuang. Three provinces in southern China. Fukien sea bordering the Taiwan Strait. This forces gathered at the port of Fujian province called Chuan-bye to where the fleet was sent.So the troops collected three provinces include the Chinese. As a leader Shih-pi general and Ike Mese and Hsing appointed as assistants. From the name you might expect, Shih-pi and Ike Mese is derived from Mongolia (Tartar original) are you Hsing is China. Tartar troops who stormed Europe is famous for its troops from horses.
Cavalry would be expected to participate in this Java consists of the Tartars. Apart from those three provinces also referred to the existence of an entity that collects in Ching-yuan (now Ning-po) in southern Syang-hai. Shih-pi and Ike Mese ground with the troops walked from here to Chuan-chou, are you Hsing transporting supplies by boat.
So it is expected that the troops gathered at Ning-po is the equestrian units (cavalry) mentioned in the report Shih-pi-powered 5,000, consist of the Tartars. It can be estimated, expeditionary 20,000 men were divided into 15,000 infantry. In China there to chronicle how much referring to the crew of 1,000 pieces of it. If each vessel manned boat 10 people then everything will amount to 10,000 sailors.So this set of measurement expeditions 1,000 boats, some 30,000 soldiers and 5,000 horses. Upon reaching the expeditionary Tuban, half the combat power of the landed here and Pacekan went by land. Overland section is intended for you Hsing consisting of cavalry and infantry were a "Commander of Ten Thousand" (Pangleksa) meminpin forefront.
Shih-pi with half of the other party to Ujunggaluh supplies by sea fleet led by Ike Mese. It is assumed that part of the ship are the units of assistance and support weapons, supplies and heavy weapons drive unit, projectile launchers (stone?). Given the state of the field in Java was much consists of swamps, heavy weapons will always be prepared on the boat alone. 
Most of these expeditions is infantry unit. Then you can wait all expeditionary force consisting of 5,000 cavalry unit, infantry unit about 10,000 people and assistance unit approximately 5,000 people that can be used as a backup support. The trip to the island of Belitung it takes several weeks to weaken the army of Mongols having to pass through the sea with the waves were pretty big.Many soldiers were sick because they are not accustomed to navigation. In the Pacific trees are cut and make boats (boats) are smaller to fit in narrow rivers in Java while improving their ships have sailed enough sea. Assault Kadiri Kingdom In the second year of Ike Mese officials who handle Java and 500 persons using 10 boats went to Java to pave the way for the Mongol army led by Shih Pi.When in Tuban Kartanagara heard that the king had been killed by Jayakatwang who then appointed himself as king Singhasari. Therefore the command of Kublai Khan was subjected Java and forced KingSinghasari, who, recognizing the power of the Mongols, the Java dropped plans to go ahead. Before following the Tuban the Mongols left behind on the island of Karimun to be ready to enter the territory Singhasari. Once gathered in Tuban Mongol armies. Ike Mese know if named Raden Wijaya Kertanegara heirs.He also sent envoys to meet Raden Wijaya who were camped in Majapahit. Raden Wijaya willing to surrender and submit to the Mongols, provided the first king helped defeat Jayakatwang Kadiri. Ike Mese then invited the people of Majapahit. It was decided that Ike Mese half the force of approximately 10,000 people will walk towards Singhasari, the rest remained in the boat and take a trip using the river as a way in the same place.As an experienced sailor, Ike Mese, which is actually a Turkmen tribe inside China, rather than the Mongols, precede promote cooperation with local authorities who are not loyal to Jayakatwang. The history of the Mongol attacks against Java appears in the Yuan Dynasty Historical Record has been translated by WP Groeneveldt, in his book, Notes on the Malay Archipelago and Malacca, collected from Chinese sources (1880).As the story Pararaton Request Arya Wiraraja the Emperor of China for help in their efforts to attack the kingdom of Kediri with the promise Tumapel two daughters and a princess of the kingdom of Kediri know Ratna Kesari is essentially a romantic spice Shipping soldiers . No request for help and promise that the Tartar army Java surely come to avenge the humiliation called Meng ki sent by King Kertanegara.Beforehand described how the character of Emperor Kublai Khan a very ambitious to expand its territory, but is in conflict with King Kertanagara conscious greatness as a sovereign king and he not only would like Emperor Kublai Khan arc. Mongol Empire fleet led by Shih remaining Pi enters Sedayu and Java from the river Kali Mas. After landing in Java, commissioned Ike Mese and Hsing to direct ground forces.Kublai KhanSome commander "10,000 troops early" accompanied. Earlier, three senior officials sent through the "fast boat" went to Majapahit To facilitate the movement of foreign armies, Raden Wijaya give freedom to use ports under their control and even provide guidance to reach Daha, the Capital Singhasari.It also provides a map of the Pi Shih Singhsari very useful in developing strategies Jayakatwang devastating wars. Majapahit addition, several small kingdoms to the Mongols who adds great united military force is very strong coming out of China. This conspiracy is manifested as an expression of his distaste for the king who had killed Jayakatwang water through a vicious blow State. News landings of tartar has risen in the kingdom of Kediri, landing news is, along with a popular uprising pesos Majapahit and residents led by Arya Tegal this Wiraraja cider.
The news caused an uproar among the people and the army Kediri, Segara Winotan accused of treason against the king because the report is not true, any errors in your shed. How high shock at Kebo Rubuh penghunusan ditikamkan dagger ready to Segara Wonotan but declined rapidly by King Jayakatwang. By the time he arrived in Tuban akuwu giving you a report that the Tartar army had landed in the area.They ruin Tuban, many people sought refuge. King Jayakatwang realize that the country really in a state of danger. Forces must be prepared to face the enemy to come. To stop the Tartar army and finally decided Kediri army majapahit be divided in 3 defense, namely:

    Mahisa Antaka and Bowong lead the defense in the north, King Jayakatwang participate in this defense.
    Sagara Winotan and Senapati Rangga Janur led the defense in the East.
    Kebo Mudarang and lead Pangelet South Senapati pertahaan

Jayakatwang King Raden Wijaya very angry with him decided to attack the enemy is moving. Kadiri army attacked the Majapahit of the three northern departments of the fron led by the Duke and anjuru, or item of southern Araraman headed by the minister and eastern fronts led by soldiers who deal directly with the forces of Majapahit. But everything can be repelled by the Majapahit troops and Mongols.In the third month of the year 1293, after all the troops gathered at the mouth of the river Kali Mas, Kediri kingdom invasion began. Force Kediri kingdom in the river can be disabled, over 100 boats decorated giant head can be used by all soldiers and officers who defend fled to join forces with his father.New major battle took place on the 15th, when calculated from the Mongolian troops landed and build strength in the mouth of the Mas River where Raden Wijaya combined with Mongol armies defeated successfully Kadiri.
This defeat led to the remaining troops fled back to meet in Daha, the capital of Kadiri. Ike Mese requires that Hsing, and Raden Wijaya chased and managed to enter the Daha few days later. On the 19th there was fighting crucial for the kingdom of Kadiri Ike Mese attacking from the east, from the west Hsing Shih Pi by the river, while troops Raden Wijaya and rear.War erupted on March 20, 1293 in the morning. Daha battered city three times despite being guarded 100,000 soldiers. The combined forces of China and Raden Wijaya 5,000 troops managed to destroy Daha. In Wijayakrama Flag Song Canto VII Segara Winotan dealing with defense Ranggalawe in the eastern part. Ranggalawe riding his horse WESI managed to jump on the train Winotan Segara.In the battle on the train I managed to cut the neck Segara Ranggalawe Winotan to death. In the southern part called Lady in Pantyhose Trini kebo Mundarang boss. Kebo Mundarang powerless and promised to give his daughter to the lady, but the lady is not willing to listen. 
In this battle, it is said that the Mongols using guns at that time still relatively rare in the world. Occurs three times the great battle between the two forces clashed in the fourth direction of the city and won by the side of the invaders. Kadiri divided forces, partly into the river and drowned there because it was blocked by the Mongols, while some are as high as about 5000 in a state of panic finally killed after a fight with a combined army of Mongol-Majapahit. 
A child Jayakatwang who fled to the hills surrounding the capital can be captured and taken prisoner by the forces Hsing magnitude thousand people. With the power of a livelihood, Jayakatwang back to take refuge in the fortress. Later, realizing he could not defend again in Daha, Jayakatwang outside the fort and gave himself for later imprisoned in order to defend the castle Galuh.According Pararaton and Song Harsawijaya, Jayakatwang died in prison after completing a tip Galuh literary work entitled The Song Wukir Polaman. After King Jayakatwang lost, Raden Wijaya Majapahit apologized again to prepare a tribute to the emperor Kublai Khan. Kediri kingdom has fallen, Princess Gayatri then brought back to the Majapahit. 
Presumably a dispute between China's top commanders with tartar. Shih-pi and Ike Mese, because both the commander has allowed Wijaya back to the Majapahit. You do not trust Wijaya Hsing, then he chased and stopped Kediri with divisions and pioneer troops under his leadership.Majapahit dissipate the Tartar army Before starting the description of the movements of military operations against Tatar Raden Wijaya units, first try to get a picture of the situation that the land on which the units of both Majapahit and tartar. Majapahit advantage is that the Majapahit soldiers more familiar terrain for the state of the Tartars still very strange.
The land is mountainous and mostly composed of hard soil or blocks of coral. East of the predicted ground state remains smooth and even many who are swamps and near the villages here and there in the form of agricultural land. If there is a way that the streets are not paved with stone base given. Both the west and east of the river there are many dense forests. How hard is crossed area, what else by a large military unit, we can expect that it takes to travel the distance from the time between Pacekan to Kedir