The story of the history of the kingdom of Majapahit shadow we certainly seemed flasback to the past in which the kingdom of Majapahit never be a great empire in the archipelago even to master asia today, with king Hayam Wuruk (rooster from the east) and Gajah Mada mahapatih famous governor by oath palapanya .
Before the founding of Majapahit, Singhasari has become a powerful kingdom in Java Withering. This is a concern of Kublai Khan, the ruler of the Yuan Dynasty in China. He sent a messenger named Meng Chi to Singhasari demanding tribute.
Kertanagara, ruler of the kingdom Singhasari latter refused to pay tribute and to embarrass the envoy with damaging her face and cut off his ear. Kublai Khan angry and then dispatched a large expedition to Java in 1293.
When it is, Jayakatwang, duke of Kediri, already overthrow and kill Kertanegara. On the advice of Aria Wiraraja, Jayakatwang give forgiveness to Raden Wijaya, Kertanegara son, who came to surrender.Then, Wiraraja sent messengers to Daha, who brought the letter contains a statement, Raden Wijaya give up and want to serve Jayakatwang.Jawaban of the above letter was greeted with pleasure.
Raden Wijaya then given Pull forest. He opened the forest and build a new village. The village was named Majapahit, whose name is derived from the fruit maja, and a sense of "bitter" of the fruit. When the Mongols arrived, Wijaya allied with the Mongols to fight Jayakatwang.
After successfully dropping Jayakatwang, Raden Wijaya turns against allies Mongolnya forcing them pull back its troops home frantically because they are in a foreign country.When it was also their last chance to catch the monsoon winds in order to go home, or they are forced to wait another six months on a foreign island.The exact date is used as the date of birth of the Majapahit kingdom was Raden Wijaya coronation as king, which is the 15th of the month of Kartika in 1215 saka which coincides with the date of 10 November 1293.He was named the official name Kertarajasa Jayawardhana. The kingdom was facing a problem. Some people trusted Kertarajasa, including Ranggalawe, Sora, and Nambi rebelled against him, despite the unsuccessful uprising.Ranggalawe rebellion is supported by Panji Mahajaya, Arya Sidi Ra, Ra Jaran Waha, Latitude Ra, Ra Tosan, Wren Ra and Ra Tati. All of these are mentioned in Pararaton.Slamet Muljana mahapatih Halayudha suspect that the one who did all the conspiracy to overthrow the king trusted, so that he can achieve the highest position in the government. But after the death of the last rebel (Kuti), Halayudha arrested and imprisoned, and then executed. Wijaya died in 1309.Son and successor Wijaya is Jayanegara. Pararaton call Kala Gemet, which means "weak villain". Approximately at a time within Jayanegara government, an Italian priest, Odorico da Pordenone visited the palace of Majapahit in Java.In 1328, Jayanegara killed by his doctors, Tanca. Gayatri Rajapatni stepmother is supposed to replace, but Rajapatni chose to resign from the palace and become a nun. Rajapatni Tribhuwana Wijayatunggadewi appoints daughter to be queen of Majapahit.In 1336, Tribhuwana appointed Gajah Mada as Mahapatih, during the inauguration of Gajah Mada say Palapa Oath which indicate plans to widen the Majapahit and build an empire.During power Tribhuwana, Majapahit kingdom become larger and well-known in the archipelago. Tribhuwana Majapahit ruled until her death in 1350. He was succeeded by his son, Hayam Wuruk.
Majapahit future triumph
We already know the Majapahit empire as one of the major kingdoms in Indonesia in the past. This kingdom has reached the peak of its greatness and its height in the XIV century, during the reign of king Hayam Wuruk. at that time, power and greatness of the kingdom of Majapahit Very spacious. This kingdom has influence throughout the country, even to neighboring countries in Southeast Asia.In 1894, the Dutch attacked the Castle Cakranegara in Bali. King was killed, Castle burned, people killed and robbed the wealth of gold treasure. One thing that was robbed is an ancient manuscript of the year 1365, the book written by Professor Prapanca Kertagama State.This book describes the splendor of the country when the king of Majapahit prabu Hayam Wuruk and Gajah Mada governor in power. This book is a glittering diamond in our library because it comes from the ancient kingdom of Indonesia, when the sun is shining brightly greatness archipelago (Purwadi, 2010: 143).Majapahit Empire during the reign of King Hayam Wuruk has reached its golden crest. From news Prapanca in kakawin Nagarakertagama, we know at the time of Hayam Wuruk areas under the influence of Majapahit Very spacious (I Ketut Riana, 2009: 96-110).
Areas of influence Majapahit covers nearly the size of the State of Indonesia now, which of the areas on the island of Sumatra in the west to the areas in the eastern Maluku.Even at the time of Majapahit influence extends to the neighboring countries in Southeast Asia that is woven in the form of friendship equivalent (Djafar Hasan, 2009: 46).After being under the rule of kings successor, the Majapahit kingdom gradually began to experience a period of kesuramannya. Greatness and power of the Majapahit kingdom gradually began to disappear. Finally, the
Majapahit empire collapsed.
However, in conjunction with the ongoing collapse of the Majapahit empire emerged Compositions new forces in the north coast of Central Java and East Java. These new forces can gradually replace the role and position of the kingdom of Majapahit (Hasan Djafar, 2009: 46).Broad areas of influence of Majapahit in the archipelago corroborated by statements expressed Tome Pires in his Suma Oriental in 1512-1515. in Suma Oriental is, Tome Pires made a statement that until about the beginning of the XV century Majapahit influence still controlled almost the entire archipelago (Hasan Djafar, 2009: 47).We must admit that at the time of Majapahit was an empire with the premise that to be agrarian economy semi-commercial.Influence -setidak least kultural- fairly widespread influence. At that time, the authorities have managed to fully enforce Majapahit political unity in a region that extent unprecedented in previous periods (Sartono Kartodirdjo, 1969: 11).As reflected in Kakawin Nagarakertagama (I Ketut Riana, 2010), the relationship with the other kingdoms in the archipelago is a provincial cooperative relationship of mutual benefit. Agrarian empire of Majapahit as semi commercial interest to obtain commodities trading and marketing areas agrarisnya product.Thus, Majapahit as a superpower country is obliged to protect areas in the archipelago to maintain the stability of provincial, especially in the socio-economic (Hasan Djafar, 2009: 48-49).In the historical complex that is included in the sphere of influence of Srivijaya, Majapahit although entry supremacy region, such as the above developments occur.In the news about his travels, Marco Polo also mentions Tumasik and Samudra Pasai as a kingdom which recognizes the power of Majapahit. Also Ibn Batuta has called Samudra Pasai it (Sartono Kartodirjo, 1987: 3).Among the ancient kingdoms in Indonesia, Majapahit kingdom is the only one we can know his government with a rather complete.This is actually just one part of the whole history of the Majapahit period, ie from the reign of Hayam Wuruk (Hasan Djafar, 2009: 51).
In the reign of Hayam Wuruk of Majapahit had reached the peak of gold and glory. At that time, Majapahit already have a regular shape and a stable government.As for the aftermath, especially around the time of its collapse, we do not have a lot of materials that can be used to find a picture of the shape and composition of government in Majapahit.However, from the existing materials, the amount is very little we can still conclude that the shape and composition of the government of the kingdom of Majapahit in the period after the golden age has not changed much.Therefore, we say and imagine that the political structure in general in the Majapahit kingdom ahead of its collapse when the condition was not much different from the previous era (Hasan Djafar, 2009: 51).News tradition says that the kingdom of Majapahit in 1400 Saka (ilang gone kertaning earth). The collapse was caused by an attack of Demak.But based on archaeological evidence comes to us can be known, that at that time the kingdom of Majapahit not collapse even still standing for some time longer.Stone inscriptions from 1408 Saka (1486 AD) proved that at that time the kingdom of Majapahit still stand. In the inscriptions were mentioned, the king named Dyah Ranawijaya Girindra-wardhana (Sartono Kartodirdjo.dkk, 1987: 274).China News from ming dynasty still call their diplomatic relations between China and Java (Majapahit) in the year 1499. While the news of Portuguese and Italian from the beginning of the 16th century, it can be concluded, that at that time the kingdom of Majapahit still exist (Sartono Kartodirdjo.dkk, 1987: 275).As noted above, based on the news Portuguese and Italian, at the beginning of the 16th century Majapahit kingdom was still standing. Portuguese news from 1514 and the Italian news from 1918 still mentions the existence of a Hindu kingdom (Majapahit) in Java.
However, the news of the Italian author Antonia Pigafetta from 1522 gives the impression, that at that time the kingdom of Majapahit had nothing in its message about the state of Java he argued that in 1522 Majapahit only mentioned as a city only, not as a royal .
Furthermore in the preaching of the kingdom in Java, he argues that Pigafetta mentions also the name Pati Unus as king of Majapahit, when he was still alive (Sartono Kartodirjo, 1987: 10).
End of Glory Majapahit PeriodIn the kingdom of Majapahit, when Hayam Wuruk with Gajah Mada governor still in power, the political situation is calm center of the kingdom, so many areas of the archipelago claimed were under his protection.But since Gajah Mada died (1364 AD) and followed Hayam Wuruk (1389 AD), Majapahit situation again experienced a shock. Power struggle between Wikramawhardana and Bhre Wirabumi lasted more than ten years.After Bhre Wirabumi died, a power struggle among the palace re-emerged and protracted. In the year 1468 AD Majapahit attacked Girindrawardhana of Kediri. Since the greatness of Majapahit can be said to have discharged.Tome Pires (1512-1515 AD), in his Suma Oriental, no longer mentioning the name of Majapahit. Weaknesses are increasingly peaked eventually lead to its collapse.
Greatness and glory of Majapahit kingdom, which has reached the peak of its height in the mid-fourteenth century, gradually began to recede. This happens because the Gajah Mada sepeninggalan a joke that no one is able to control the wheels of government are large and spacious territory.
In addition, after the death of king Hayam Wuruk appears a new problem that afflicts family Majapahit kings, namely the problem of power struggles and family conflict dragged on and lead to war between the families of the kings of Majapahit.
Such situation is causing divisions and weaknesses in various areas of life in the reign of the kingdom of Majapahit. as a result, the kingdom of Majapahit become brittle from within. Finally, when it appears new developments in Southeast Asia, particularly in the archipelago, which is when the growing religion of Islam and the rise of a new power in the coastal areas as well as the advent of the Europeans around 1500, the Kingdom of Majapahit already very weak and approached the brink of collapse (Hasan Djafar, 2009: 62).The contradiction between the kings of Majapahit family first appeared in the government Wikramawardhana (Bhra Hyan Wisesa).From Parameswari Hayam Wuruk obtain a daughter named Kusumawardhani are then used as the crown princess.Kusumawardhani married to her cousin named Wikramawardhana, namely children Bhre Pajan Rajasaduhiteswari, younger sister of king Hayam Wuruk. So, is the nephew and son-Wikramawardhana Hayam WurukOf wives concubine (rabihaji), Hayam Wuruk obtain a son, namely Bhre Wirabhumi (Pararaton: 37).because it was born of a concubine wife, then he is not entitled to the throne of the kingdom of Majapahit. Nevertheless, he still is empowered by his father to rule in the eastern part, which is in the area Balambangan.The Kusumawardhani and her husband obtain the west and located in MajapahitIn the Fiber Pararaton, events family conflict between Wikramawardhana (Bhra Hyan Wisesa) with this Wirabhumi Bhre.
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